EWONTFIX

Non-invasive printf debugging

12 Dec 2012 16:09:05 GMT

This post is not about any particular bug or bad programming practice, just a new “printf debugging” technique I came up with.

Often when tracking down a bug, it’s useful to add extra output to track the state of the program in the moments leading up to the crash or incorrect behavior, aka “printf debugging”. However, this technique is “invasive” in the sense that it interleaves unwanted data into the program output. Using stderr instead of stdout can alleviate the problem to some extent, but when you’re inserting the debugging code into a widely-used library (in my case, libc.so) or a shell, even having unwanted output on stderr can be a problem.

A previous approach I had used was sending the output to an arbitrary high file descriptor instead of stdout or stderr. For example, dprintf(666, "message here"); This avoids breaking anything but a program using a huge number of file descriptors, and allows reading the output via adding 666>&2 to the command line.

However, let’s take that a bit further. I don’t really need the program itself to print any output. I just need to be able to see the message. Enter my other favorite debugging tool, strace. Using strace, I can see the above output on a high file descriptor even if the descriptor isn’t actually open; the syscall still happens and returns with EBADF. But there’s no reason it needed to be a valid number that could be a file descriptor in the first place. I can instead just use dprintf(-42, "message here\n"); and there’s no risk of ever producing any output, but the strace log (with the appropriate options to increase string length limits) will show the writes.

The result is a form of “printf debugging” that can safely be added in library code and other code that shouldn’t touch any file descriptors.